Learn from mistake is crucial

When you have an opportunity to make a mistake, it’s always nice to know how someone else screwed up. As Sam Levenson once said, “You must learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t possibly live long enough to make them all yourself.” Many mistakes are described in the following pages so you will, hopefully, not repeat them.

Ken Heselton, Boiler Operators’ Handbook

The Heart of Steam & ICE Engineer

The Heart of Plant Engineer and Plant Operator

“As for keeping an eye on the plant, that phrase is nothing more than a saying. If you are a manager, reading this book because operators report to you, you should know this the experienced operator keeps an ear on the plant. 

The most accurate, precise, sensitive instrument in a boiler plant is the operator’s ear. The operator knows something is amiss long before any alarm goes off because he can hear any subtle change in the sound of the plant. 

He can be up in the fidley, and notice that a pump on the plant’s lower level just shut down. Hearing isn’t the only sense that’s more acute in an operator, he “feels” the plant as well. Sounds, actually all sound is vibrations, that aren’t in the normal range of hearing are sensed either by the ear, the cheek, or through the feet. 

Certainly an operator shouldn’t be in- side a boiler turbining tubes, while he’s operating the plant but there are many maintenance activities he can perform while on duty. 

Managers with a sense of the skill of their operators will use them on overtime and off-shift to perform most of the regular maintenance.”

Ken Heselton in his book “Boiler Operator’s Handbook”

KKIA

Birthday kad dari Nur Aisyah Umairah

Simpan sebagai koleksi.

Engine Classifications

1. Application. 
• Automobile.
• Truck.
• Locomotive.
• Light aircraft.
• Marine.
• Portable power system.
• Power generation.
2. Basic engine design.
• Reciprocating engine (arrangement of cylinders : eg. in-line, V, radial, opposed)
• Rotary engines (Wankel and other geometries).
3. Working cycle.
• Four stroke cycle (Naturally aspirated, supercharged, turbocharged)
• Two stroke cycle (cranked chaft scavenged, supercharged and turbocharged)
4. Valve or port design and location.
• Overhead
• Underhead
• Rotary
• Cross-scavenged
• Loop-scavenged
• Through or uniflow-scavenged
5. Fuel.
• Gasoline (or petrol)
• Fuel oil (or diesel)
• Natural gas
• Liquid petroleum gas
• Alcohols (methanol, ethanol)
• Hydrogen
• Duel fuel
6. Method of mixture preparation.
• Carburetion
• Fuel injection into intake ports or intake manifold
• Fuel injection into the cylinder
7. Method of ignition.
• Spark Ignition (SI)
• Compression Ignition (CI)
8. Combustion chmaber design.
• Open chmaber (disc, wedge, hemisphere, bowl-in-piston)
• Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary chambers, many design; eg swirl chambers, prechamvers)
9. Method of load control.
• Throttling of fuel and air
• Control of fuel flow alone
• A combination of both
10. Method of cooling.
• Water cooled
• Air cooled
• Uncooled (by natural convection and radiation)

Internel Combustion Engine Fundamentals, John B. Heywood, Page 7.

Berfikir Seperti Jurutera / Think Like An Engineer

Berfikir seperti seorang jurutera (saintis)

“Observing everything in nature helps you under- stand what’s going on in the boiler plant. 

Most of our engineering is based on learning about what happens naturally then using it to accomplish purposes like making steam. 

The formation of clouds, fog, and dew all conform to rules set up by nature. By observing them we learn cause and effect and can make it work for us. 

We can be just like Newton, sitting under the apple tree and being convinced, by an apple dropping, that there’s such a thing as gravity and we can use it to do some work for us. 

You can see how it works, then relate it to what’s happening in the boiler plant.”

Boiler Operator’s Handbook, Ken Heselton 

The worst boiler accident in US

The worst accident in the United States was the result of a boiler explosion. 

In 1863 the boilers aboard the steamship Sultana exploded and killed almost eighteen hundred people. 

The most expensive accident was a boiler explosion at the River Rouge steel plant in February of 1999. Six men died and the losses were mea- sured at more than $1 billion. 

Boiler accidents are rare compared to figures near the first of the 20th century when thousands were killed and millions injured by boiler explosions. 

Today, less than 20 people die each year as a result of a boiler explosion. I don’t want you to be one of them. I’m sure you don’t want to be one either. 

Safety rules and regulations were created after an accident with the intent of preventing another.

(Boiler Operator’s Handbook, Ken Heselton)

Boiler’s Operators Priority

The wise Boiler operator keeps priorities in order and they are:

1. The operator’s personal safety, health and welfare

2. The safety and health of other people

3. The safety and condition of the equipment oper- ated and maintained

4. Minimizing damage to the environment 

5. Continued operation of the plant

6. Training a replacement

7. Preserving historical data

8. Economic operation of the plant

Boiler Operator’s Handbook, Ken Heselton

Three Types of Engines

Three Types of Engines

1. Dedicated, Mono-Fuel or Monovalent
2. Bi-Fuel or Bivalent. Natural gas or gasoline.
3. Dual-Fuel. Mixture of natural gas and diesel, ignited by a diesel "pilot". Diesel injected directly into the combustion chamber, while gas is introduced into the air intake by carburetion or by gas injection.
4. Tri-Fuel. Can operate on gasoline, ethanol, ethanol and natural gas.

2,346,788 HP / 1750 MWe Arabelle Turbine Generator The Biggest Gas Turbine

How big: You will need a nuclear power station to hold it

How powerful: 2,346,788 horsepower

This is the 1750 MWe ARABELLE turbine generator, which converts wet steam from a French nuclear generator into electricity. The blades alone weigh 176 pounds.