ISP Exam, Ladang Kosa, Oct 2011

ISP Exam, Ladang Kosa, Oct 2011

5 M's of Management

In the management literature 5 M's of management called as;
1. Money
2. Men
3. Material
4. Method
5. Machine
and nowadays Marketing is placed on the literature as the 6th M of management.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_5M%27s_of_management#ixzz1ax55Exjn

Biological Properties of Soil

Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. These organisms include earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and different arthropods. Soil biology plays a vital role in determining many soil characteristics yet, being a relatively new science, much remains unknown about soil biology and about how the nature of soil is affected.

 Protozoa

 Fungi

 Bacteria

 Earthworm

Batu @ Rock

Rocks are generally classified by mineral and chemical composition, by the texture of the constituent particles and by the processes that formed them. These indicators separate rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. They are further classified according to particle size. The transformation of one rock type to another is described by the geological model called the rock cycle.
Sample of igneous gabbro

Igneous rocks are formed when molten magma cools and are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic. Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust (example granite), while volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta (examples pumice and basalt) .[1]
Sedimentary sandstone with iron oxide bands

Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth's surface. Mud rocks comprise 65% (mudstone, shale and siltstone); sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate rocks 10 to 15% (limestone and dolostone).[1]
Metamorphic banded gneiss

Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation).[1]

The three classes of rocks — the igneous, the sedimentary and the metamorphic — are subdivided into many groups. There are, however, no hard and fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in the proportions of their constituent minerals they pass by every gradation into one another, the distinctive structures also of one kind of rock may often be traced gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in establishing rock nomenclature merely correspond to selected points (more or less arbitrary) in a continuously graduated series.

Metamorphic banded gneiss

Sedimentary sandstone with iron oxide bands

Igneous gabbro

Rock outcrop along a mountain creek near Orosi, Costa Rica

Balanced Rock stands in Garden of the Gods park in Colorado Springs

Laterite

Soils

Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics.


Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil differs from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the biosphere. It is a mixture of mineral and organic constituents that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states. Soil is commonly referred to as dirt.
Soil particles pack loosely, forming a soil structure filled with pore spaces. These pores contain soil solution (liquid) and air (gas). Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three state system. Most soils have a density between 1 and 2 g/cm³. Soil is also known as earth: it is the substance from which our planet takes its name. Little of the soil composition of planet Earth is older than the Tertiary and most no older than the Pleistocene. In engineering, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material.

 

A (soil), B (laterite, regolith), C (saprolite), C (bedrock)

Laterite

are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are rusty - red because of iron oxides. They develop by intensive and long lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock.

Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged is a process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land areas with laterites was or is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

Luluhawa

Luluhawa merupakan proses pemecahan dan penguraian batuan, tanah dan garam galiannya melalui tindakan semulajadi, kimia atau biologi.

Primary Minerals

The thickness of the earth's crust varies from 10 km under the ocean to 30 km under the continents.
Of the 88 naturally occuring elements on earth, only 8 make of most of the crust.

The earth's crust and soils are dominated by the silicic acid in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca , Fe and O ions.

In Table 4.1.1 the mean elemental content of soil and crustal rocks, and the soil enrichment factors are listed. Elements with high enrichment factors (EF) are C, N, S , and elements with low EF are Na, Mg , Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, Mn and Fe. The latter ones are important nutrients for plant growth.

Those elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components of parent rocks.

There are almost 3000 known minerals, but only 20 are common and just 10 minerals make up 90 % of the earth's crust.

Primary minerals are defined as minerals found in soil but not formed in soil. This definition is different from that of secondary minerals, which are defined as minerals fomed in soils.

Most of the primary minerals (primary silicates) have a crystalline structure, i.e., a structure in which ions are arranged in an orderly and repeated spatial pattern.

The fundamental unit in silicates is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, which is composed of a central silicon ion surrounded by four closely-packed and equally-spaced oxygen ions.

The four positive charges of Si4+ are balanced by four negative charges from the four oxygen ions (O2-), one from each ion, thus each discrete tetrahedron has four negative charges. The central ion may be either Al3+, Fe2+, or Mg2+.

When in six-folded coordination, oxygens form an eight-sided octahedron. If larger Ca2+, Na+, or K+ ions are present, they occur at the center of clusters of tetrahedra, with each tetradedron supplying a part of all the oxygens needed for eight-fold or twelve fold coordination.

In this arrangement, the larger cations provide a center of positive charge that attracts and holds the clusters of tetrahedra together.

The cations occuring in this position, i.e., outside or between neighboring tetrahedra are called accessory cations. Si4+ and Al3+ ions are small and have a high charge (valence).

In general, the smaller the cation and the higher its valence the stronger the bond between it and the oxygen.

Stability in minerals requires their structure to be electrically neutral, i.e., the negative charge of the O2- in the structure must be equally balanced by the positive charge of the cations. Isomorphous substitution is the replacement of an ion with higher valence by some other kind of cation. This process is supported by a high concentration of substituting ions in a mineral-forming medium so as to increase their chance of entering the mineral structure in place. The pattern of substitution is generally the following: Al3+ substitutes for Si4+, and Fe2+ and Mg2+ substitutes for Al3+. An electrical imbalance occurs because the valence of the substituting ions is lower than that of the ions in replace. Neutralization of the excess negative charge is accomplished by the inclusion of accessory cations in the structure. In the primary silicates, Ca2+, Na+, K+ are the principal accessory cations that neutralize the negative charge resulting from ion substitution. The most important primary silicates are discussed in the following:

Framework Silicates: They are composed of tetrahedra linked trough their corners into a continuous 3D-structure. Quartz is a framework silicate composed entirely of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. The bulk density of quartz is 2.65 g/cm3 and quartz is highly resistant to mechanical abrasion and chemical weathering. Quartz is very common in most igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. In feldspars the Si4+ is partly replaced by Al3+, which results in a positive charge balanced by Na+, K+ or Ca2+ ions. In the alkali feldspars Na+ and K+, and in the plagioclase, Na+ and Ca2+ are the dominant accessory cations. Feldspars are the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust; they make up 50 - 60 % of the crustal rocks.

Agricultural Science 1

Agricultural Science 1
1. Bahagian-2 longitudinal bunga raya, jantina, jenis ovari dan plasenta bunga.

Debunga ialah serbuk halus hingga kasar yang mengandungi mikrogametofit benih tumbuhan, yang menghasilkan gamet jantan (sel sperma). Butiran debunga mempunyai lapisan keras yang melindngi sel sperma semasa proses pemindahan dari stamen ke pistil tumbuhan berbunga atau dari kon jantan ke kon betina tumbuhan konifer. Apabila debunga tiba di pistil serasi tumbuhan berbunga, ia bercambah dan menghasilkan tiub debunga yang memindahkan sperma kepada ovul ovari pokok tersebut. Butiran individu debunga cukup kecil untuk memerlukan pembesaran bagi melihat perincian.

 Anatomi daun

 Anatomi batang

Anatomi akar

 Anatomi akar

2. Benih jagung, jenis benih,jenis percambahan.
3. Buah ; definition, kalsifikasi, jenis asas, perbezaan buah sebenar dan palsu.
4. Penyebaran buah, agen, contoh dan terangkan.
5. Anatomi sel tumbuhan, bahagian-2, fungsi dinding sel dan namakan setiap lapisan dinding sel.
6. Chloplast
7. Testa
8. Capitulum of sunflower
9. Unisexual or imperfect flowers
10. Placentation

Lalat marmalad hinggap pada Cistus incanus, muka dan kakinya diselaputi debunga

ISP, Mac 2003.

Record-keeping and Report-writing

by MAHBOB ABDULLAH

No 59, Jalan setiaraya, Bukit Demansara, 50490 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

In the daily work of a planter or engineer it is part of his job to record the progress of his work, and there is nothing better than to start by taking notes.

Yet in my visits to the field I find that there are planters who are reluctant to take notes. I have found that writing notes will help to keep the points stay longer in my mind. I can also refer to them weeks later and use these notes for making my decisions. It is nothing to be shy about in writing down points. One famous example was the founder of Wal-Mart in America, Sam Walton, who opened up supermarkets and managed to compete extremely well across America. Stories about him told on how he used a yellow legal pad and wrote notes when he visited rival supermarkets and when he talked to customers. His supermarket became even more profitable and at one time he was the richest man in the world.

From these notes the points can be used to write the points about the visit that will require a follow up which will raise the standard of performance of the unit. Similarly at meetings, the notes are taken which will be used to write the minutes in which decisions are put on record.

Records should be written neatly so that they allow for a quick reference. In the plantations the records are kept for the assets of the estate, the operations and their costs, including production and processing, the purchases, sales and transport, manpower, salaries and so on, including items out of our control such as rainfall.

These records are today kept in their final copy in a computer which has been programmed by specialists. The calculation is done instantly. It was once my job long ago, before the arrival of computers, to calculate manually with a Facit machine and I would have to work through several nights to get the checkroll ready. Yet there would be mistakes which could take a lot of effort to trace.

However, there is a danger of having computerisation in the way that sometimes the files are accessible only to some clerks in the office. Therefore the planters can become ignorant about the records and performance of their units. In this case I would recommend that each planter should be given training on computers and to ensure that they have the skill to open the files. These files are there mainly for their benefit which they can study.

In the case of figures, they can trace the month by month trend and see if their performance is

improving. If the trend shows that the performance of some blocks is declining, or below expectation, they will then be able to take immediate action.

From the records the figures are used in the report. In the plantation there are formats to follow. When preparing to write the report it is worth to bear in mind that the reader wants to know about production, quality, extraction rates, costs of production, performance against estimates, and the projections for future months.

Therefore it is important to bear this in mind and that the report will show these figures in

full.

Equally important is that the explanation is given clearly on why the crop is low or the costs are high. It is not good enough to give weak reasons and blame the rainfall or the drought. It is better to look for reasons among factors which are within the control of management. For example the reason for low crop is because the plantation is short of labour' the attendance is low, or fertiliser programme was not completed. Stick to the real reasons and keep it brief. The reader does not like to waste his time reading a lot of words which do not say anything.

For example some reports may say this: "The crop was 4 000 tonnes against an estimate of 8000 tonnes which is a shortfall of 50 per cent..." That is not an explanation and apart from wasting the time of the reader, he will also know that you do not know the real reason for the shortfall. As a result you are not going to go up in his esteem.

Yet you can send a message that you know the real reasons, and to do this you will of course need to know what is actually going on in the field or factory. By walking and checking on problems in the field or on the factory floor, you can find the real problems, and explain what you can do to make improvements. Explain how the shortfall can be made up, and show the potential for the next three months. Knowing the situation will help in making plans which will have a good chance in being achieved. The figures are of course supported with words.

In writing the explanations, it is recommended that words are selected which are short, and easy to understand. Big words may not add to what you want to say. Keep the explanation brief and to the point. Spelling and grammar must be checked. Today the computer can help in a big way, so there is little excuse for any mistakes. An important point to note is that the spelling of names must be right, and wrong spelling can be regarded as lack of respect.

When figures are being shown, they must add up, including the decimals, and if they do not, then against it shows that the writer is not checking the details. The reports today can be sent by hard copy or by email, which is part of the benefit of having modern science to help us. In addition digital cameras can take photos to illustrate what you mean, and the picture is ready instantly. Now of course even hand-phones can be used to take reasonably clear photographs'

On the forecast for the crop, again there is much thought required. If you can gather most of the facts, and consult your team, it will certainly help. When your forecasts are fairly accurate then the reader is comfortable with your judgement. Being consistently right will build your reputation as a reliable person. Your figures will rarely be questioned.

A planter would sometimes need to write visit reports, or special reports on the conditions in an area. It is wise to start a habit of writing the report on the same day, as our minds are fresh on what we saw. Delays are not of any help. One last comment is that the report must arrive to the reader on time, or before the deadline. You are providing a service, and punctuality is valued by the reader.

Creating Skilled Planters

It is tough to attract the younger generation to start a career as a professional planter in Malaysia nowadays.

The stigma of being an “orang estet” working in oil palm or rubber plantations which is traditionally linked with rural poverty, lack of basic amenities and poor social networking, has never been a good motivation for young agricultural graduates or those in agri-related fields.

More often than not, a plantation job is the last choice of young professionals in Malaysia, says Incorporated Society of Planters (ISP) chairman Daud Amatzin (pic).

Besides the scarcity of plantation land and stagnating production in Malaysia, he says local planters have to deal with severe labour shortage which many claims to be due to poor interest among the locals to work in estates, unattractive wages and job-hopping among the skilled plantation workers. This has resulted in an urgent need to hire more foreign workers.

“It is paramount to see a succession of young professional planters in the management capacity to replace our existing mature planters.

“This is to ensure a continued growth of the agriculture and plantation sector in Malaysia,” Daud tells StarBizWeek after the Ninth ISP National Seminar 2011 in Penang recently.

The 92-year-old ISP is one of the oldest planters society in Malaysia. Most of its members are the captains of the plantation industry as well as major plantation companies.

It was established for the development and advancement of the professional interest in the plantation industry - from the management to the estate workers.

The ISP modus operandi constitute the Technical Education Scheme via diplomas, fellowship and masters - the avenue for planters to obtain professional qualifications at the Fellowship, Licentiate and Associate levels.

The ISP in collaboration with University Putra Malaysia also offers Masters in Science in Plantation Management.

In Malaysia, the well-known personnel with the FISP title include industry consultant and former Malaysian Palm Oil Association CEO M.R Chandran, Malaysian Estate Owners Association Boon Weng Siew, Felda Global group president and CEO Datuk Sabri Ahmad, Sime Darby Bhd group chief operating officer Datuk Wahab Maskan and TH Plantations Bhd director (R&D and Agronomy) Datuk Dr Mohamad Hashim Ahmad Tajudin.

ISP also offers general plantation workers (school leavers) training and certification whereby the first level is the competency based Certificate in Plantation Practices and the second level is the Certificate in Plantation Management which is a good stepping stone for their career prospects in the industry.

“ISP has diligently been contributing in terms of training and certifications towards the creation of skilled and professional planters in Malaysia but we believe more can be done to bring local planter to the next level of dynamism,” adds ISP chief executive officer Azizan Abdullah.

Under the certification programme, ISP annually trained about 300 supervisors of the field and from 30 to 50 new executives coming into the industry.

Going forward, ISP would like to train more plantation managers as “we believe they are equally important as the estate workers”.

“So far major plantation groups like Felda and Sime Darby have been very supportive of ISP training and certification initiatives,” adds Azizan.

On the setting up of the Institute of Malaysian Plantation and Commodities (IMPAC) which modus operandi is almost similar to ISP, Daud says ISP welcomes IMPAC as “it will help to complement ISP effort towards making the planters' profession more attractive to the local workforce.”

The challenge for young planters is that they need to know beyond planting and harvesting, he adds.

“They must understand the entire value chain of the industry involving workers, optimum management of basic resources, by-products utilisation and value drivers such as end products, understanding the complex value chain of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification as well as logistics such as shipping and storage.”

Other challenges include the competition to increase the quality of the commodity and attracting bigger markets coupled with mitigating the damaging criticisms from environmentalists accusing the plantation sector for polluting the environment.

Meanwhile, Tradewinds Plantation Bhd general manager (plantation advisory) Ramesh Veloo points out that the demand for professional planters will be on a rising trend due to to expansion of land for cultivation of oil palm in Malaysia, Indonesia and new palm oil growth areas like Africa and South America.

At the same time, the sector is also facing a decline in good quality planters due to job hopping within the industry, migration of planters to other plantation based countries as well as inadequate rewards and remuneration packages.

The younger generation on the other hand are reluctant to get involve in the sector because of the perception it cannot generate high income and better job opportunities.

“Plantations and agriculture are categorised as 3D jobs (dangerous, dirty and difficult),” adds Ramesh.

He says that measures to be considered include reviewing the workload of managers, new approaches to attract fresh graduates, ensure the quality of managers via enhancing the skills and knowledge and provide appropriate remuneration.

Agricultural Science I (Botany)

1. Morphology

1.1 Roots

tap roots and fibrous root systems. Adventitious roots. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary roots. Feeding roots. Use roots for vegetative propagation. Function; anchorage, absorption of food materials and water, storage, photosynthesis in some cases, climbing and protection. Roots hairs, their position and function. Root cap.

1.2 Stems
1.3 Leaves
1.4 Flowers
1.5 Fruits
1.6 Seeds
1.7 Disperal of fruits and seeds

1. Anatomy

LISP 2010 Estate Safety, Health and Welfare III

Soalan 4a.
Apakah faktor-faktor tingkahlaku manusia dan bukan tingkahlaku yang menyebabkan penyakit demam denggi?

Jawapan;

1.0 Pengenalan,
Masyarakat perlu sedar mengenai bahaya penyakit demam denggi dan mencegah penyakit demam denggi adalah lebih baik dari mengubatinya. Faktor tingkahlaku manusia dan bukan tingkahlaku adalah penyebab kepada wabak penyakit demam denggi merebak.

2.0 Faktor tingkahlaku manusia,
i. Sampah dibuang di merata-rata
ii. Tidak membersihkan takungan air
iii. Persekitaran kediaman semak-samun
iv. Bangunan terbiar dan tidak diuruskan
v. Kolah air terbiar dan tidak dicuci
vi. Tayar dan botol terbiar
vii. Pesticide tidak diuruskan dengan baik
viii. Kurang kesedaran mengenai kebersihan
ix. Sikap tidak ambil peduli/tidak kisah
x. Longkang terbiar dan tersumbat

3.0 Faktor bukan tingkahlaku manusia,
i. Cuaca kerap hujan
ii. Terdapat takungan semulajadi
iii. Terdapat tanaman semulajadi
iv. Persekitaran yang lembab
v. Persekitaran yang gelap

4.0 Rumusan,
Untuk mencegah demam denggi ialah dengan memusnahkan tempat pembiakan nyamuk. Nyamuk aedes membiak dalam tempat-tempat takungan air seperti tayar buruk dan bekas menyimpan air. Air di dalam pasu bunga dan bekas air minum haiwan peliharaan perlu selalu ditukar untuk mencegah nyamuk aedes dari membiak.

Soalan 4b.
Bagaimana penyakit demam denggi dapat dibenteras di ladang Felda dan apakah tindakan pencegahan dan pengawalan yang dapat diambil?

Jawapan;

1.0 Pengenalan
Masyarakat perlu sedar mengenai bahaya penyakit demam denggi dan mencegah penyakit demam denggi adalah lebih baik dari mengubatinya. Faktor tidak menjaga kebersihan di dalam dan di luar rumah serta persekitran kawasan adalah penyebab kepada wabak penyakit demam denggi. Tindakan pencegahan dan pengawalan perlu diambil supaya penyakit demam denggi tidak merebak.

2.0 Punca penyakit demam denggi
Sikap masyarakat yang tidak mahu menjaga kebersihan persekitaran adalah menjadi punca utama pembiakan nyamuk aedes. Gigitan nyamuk aedes dewasa yang membawa kuman denggi ke badan manusia menyebabkan punca penyakit demam denggi berlaku.

3.0 Pelan tindakan program pencegahan dan pengawalan demam denggi,

i. Tetapkan matlamat;

Sifar kes demam denggi di ladang Felda.
ii. Pelan tindakan dan aktiviti pencegahan;
a. Kempen kesedaran bahaya penyakit demam denggi.
b. Kempen gotong-royong.
c. Kempen kampong indah dan bersih.
d. Menjalankan aktiviti pembersihan dan pencegahan.
e. Penguatkuasaan undang-undang.

iii. Strategi berdasarkan kepada pelan tindakan;

a. Kempen kesedaran bahaya penyakit demam denggi,

1. Menjalankan aktiviti dalam bentuk pendidikan formal dan tidak formal yang dianjurkan oleh majikan seperti kursus, seminar dan bengkel diberikan secara berterusan kepada masyarakat setempat.
2. Menjalankan promosi membunuh nyamuk aedes, mengawal wabak penyakit demam denggi dan menjaga kebersihan persekitaran kawasan dengan mengedarkan risalah kepada pekerja dan masyarakat setempat, menampal poster di kawasan awam dan membuat banner atau kain rentang di kawasan awam yang strategik.
   

b. Kempen gotong-royong,

Menjalankan aktiviti membersihkan persekitaran dengan penglibatan daripada majikan, pekerja dan masyarakat setempat. Kempen ini perlu dijalankan secara berterusan dengan membentuk jawatankuasa pemandu dan jawatankuasa penduduk.

c. Kempen pertandingan kampong indah dan bersih,
Menjalankan aktiviti pertandingan kampong indah dan bersih dengan penglibatan dan anjuran daripada majikan dengan menetapkan insentif dan ganjaran kepada pemenang. Kempen ini perlu dijalankan secara berterusan dengan membentuk jawatankuasa pemandu dan program secara tahunan.

d. Menjalankan aktiviti pembersihan dan pencegahan,
Berikut adalah langkah-langkah pencegahan utama demam denggi;

1. Perlindungan dari gigitan nyamuk. Untuk mengelak dari gigitan nyamuk, seseorang itu perlulah mengetahui tabiat makan nyamuk dan menggunakan bahan penghindar nyamuk pada kulit badan yang terdedah apabila diperlukan. Pakai pakaian yang menutupi kebanyakan bahagian tubuh badan kerana ini boleh melindungi dari gigitan nyamuk. Pasangkan jaring nyamuk dan skrin pada tingkap di rumah untuk mencegah nyamuk dari memasuki ke dalam rumah. Elakkan dari membuat lawatan ke kawasan berisiko tinggi wabak demam denggi. Ini adalah kerana nyamuk aedes bukanlah serangga malam. Waktu puncak ia mencari makan ialah di awal pagi dan awal senja.
2. Musnahkan tempat pembiakan nyamuk. Cara lain untuk mencegah penyakit demam denggi ialah dengan memusnahkan tempat pembiakan nyamuk. Nyamuk aedes membiak dalam tempat-tempat takungan air seperti tayar buruk dan bekas menyimpan air. Perkara yang perlu lakukan ialah: Tutup dengan rapat semua bekas air seperti baldi, besen dan tong-tong atau masukkan ubat pembunuh jentik-jentik ke dalamnya. Salin air dalam jambangan bunga setiap minggu. Buangkan air dan basuh pengalas pasu bunga setiap minggu. Periksa saluran air hujan (saluran bumbung) setiap minggu dan buang daun-daun kayu atau sampah sarap lain yang menyekat aliran air. Bersihkan persekitaran rumah. Buangkan semua bekas atau benda yang boleh menakung air seperti tayar buruk, tin kosong dan botol Pungut sampah-sarap ke dalam beg plastik dan letakkan di dalam tong sampah yang bertutup.
3. Hapuskan nyamuk aedes dewasa.
   

Menjalankan semburan kabus racun serangga (Fogging) dengan menggunakan mesin Ultra Low Volume bertujuan untuk membunuh nyamuk dewasa. Semburan dijalankan pada awal pagi dan petang dan keadaan cuaca yang sesuai (tanpa hujan)
Gunakan penyembur serangga bagi membunuh nyamuk dewasa di dalam rumah. Lakukan semburan menyeluruh di bahagian dalam rumah. Penggunaan ubat nyamuk untuk mengelakkan dari digigit nyamuk jika perlu.
e. Penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan peraturan,
Akta, undang-undang dan peraturan adalah satu langkah tindakan dan kawalan untuk memastikan masyarakat sedar dan mengamalkan penjagaan kebersihan di dalam dan di luar rumah serta persekitarannya supaya wabak demam denggi dapat dikawal dan tidak merebak.
iv. Penilaian program;
Penilaian untuk setiap sesi program perlu dijalankan oleh pihak penganjur program untuk memastikan setiap matlamat dapat dicapai dan juga sebagai panduan untuk tindakan pembetulan sekiranya program didapati gagal dimanafaatkan.
4.0 Rumusan,
Masyarakat perlu sedar mengenai bahaya penyakit demam denggi dan mencegah demam denggi adalah lebih baik dari mengubati kerana sehingga kini belum ada vaksin yang sesuai untuk mengubat penyakit demam denggi. Adalah disarankan supaya semua pihak menjaga kebersihan diri dan persekitaran supaya penyakit demam denggi dapat dikawal dan tidak merebak.l

LISP 2010 Estate Safety, Health and Welfare II

Soalan 3a

Apakah factor-faktor menyebabkan stress

Jawapan:

1.0 Pengenalan

Tekanan ialah sesuatu yang kita tidak boleh elakkan atau abaikan, ia adalah sebahagian daripada hidup kita.

Badan kita ialah dalam keadaan keseimbangan atau homeostatasis di mana keadaan fisiologikal dan psikologikal adalah dalam keadaan seimbang.
Apa jua yang mengangggu keseimbangan kita ialah penekan (stressor) dan memberi risiko tekanan.
Badan kita bertindakbalas kepada tekanan ini dengan satu set tindakbalas atau penyesuaian. Tekanan bukan sentiasa negative, ia juga boleh menjadi positif.
Satu boleh menjadi ancaman, manakala yang satu lagi membawa kepada keadaan seronok. Tekanan positif digelar “eustress” manakala yang negatif pula adalah “distress”.

Ketika kecemasan, tenaga digerakkan dan diarahkan daripada simpanan dan daripada fungsi tidak penting kepada fungsi yang penting untuk berlawan atau melompat.

Tetapi apabila ini berlaku terlalau lama, kesan-kesannya boleh membahayakan orang tersebut. Ini digelar tenakan kronik (‘chronic stress’).

2.0 Faktor-faktor menyebabkan Stress

2.1 Faktor Luar
Faktor-faktor luaran yang menyebabkan stress adalah seperti.

Faktor Fizikal

• Bunyi Bising
• Lampu Terang
• Suhu Panas
• Ruang Terkurung
• interaksi sosial
• Bersikap kasar
• Sikap selalu mengarah
• Ditakuti oleh orang lain
• Menjadi bahan buli oleh orang lain
  

- Organisarsi

• Undang-undang yang terlalu banyak
• Peraturan yang terlalu ketat
• Prosidur yang terlalu ketatTempoh menyiapkan kerja yang singkat
  

- Peristiwa yang tidak dijangka dalam kehidupan

• Kelahiran baru
• Kematian keluarga
• Dibuang kerja
• Kenaikkan pangkat yg melibatkan pertukaran tempat kerjabercerai
  

- kejadian yang menyusahkan

• hilang kunci
• kereta rosak
• tertinggal file
• file dalam folder tidak dijumpai
  

2.2 Faktor Dalaman

- Cara hidup

• Kandungan kefain dalam badan
• kurang tidur
• jadual yang ketat
• Anggappan diri yg negative (negative self talk)
• Terlalu mengambil berat tentang sesuatu perkara
• Mengkritik diri sendiri
• Sikap mudah putus asa.
• Suka fikir diri tidak bagus
• Terlalu suka menganalisa sesuatu perkara
  

- Pemikiran dibawah tempurung (mind trap)

• Harapan tidak logic
• Pemikiran kolot
• Sentiasa rasa diri bagus
  

- Sifat peribadi tersendiri

• Terlalu ingin kerja sempurna
• Terlalu kuat bekerja

Soalan 3b

Bincangkan bagaimana menangani stress

Jawapan;

1.0 Tekanan boleh dikawal menggunakan strategi ABC iaitu

Awareness (kesedaran),

Balance (Keseimbangan) dan

Control (kawalan).

2.0 Teknik pengurusan tekanan

2.1 Ubah pemikiran
Ubah perspektif pemikiran
Berpikiran positif

• Lihat kekuatan diri
• Lihat peluang yang ada
• Belajar dari pengalaman lepas
  

Ubah perangai
Tegas
Kelakuan yang tersusun

• Urus masa dgn baik
• Rancang aktiviti harian
  

Bergaul dan berkongsi suka duka
Sentiasa senang hati
Alihkan tekanan kepada aktiviti lain

• Keluar sekejap dari tekanan
• Bertenang
• Kurangkan tahap tekanan
• Berfikiran logik
  

2.3 Ubah cara hidup

Diet

• Makan makanan yang sihat
• Kurangkan garam dan gula dalam makanan dan minuma
• Kurangkan pengambilan makanan berunsur kafina
  

Tidak merokok atau minum minuman keras
Bersenanam

• Tingkatkan kitaran darah
• Kurangkan tekanan darah
• Memperbaiki penampilan diri
• Merapat hubungan kemasyarakatan
  

Tidur yang cukup

• Beri bekalan tenaga yang cukup sepanjang hari
• Satu pengurang tekanan yang berkesan
  

Bersantai

Berehat

• Mengurangkan kesakitan
• Mengurangkan ketegangan pada otot
• Kurangkan tekanan darah
• Mengurangkan kerisauan
• Meningkatkan produktiviti
  

Rumusan
Tekanan sebenarnya boleh diatasi jika seseoarang dapat mempraktikkan teknik yang dinyatakan di atas. Seseorang mampu mengatasi tekanan jika beliau dapat mengubah 3 perkara utama iaitu

pemikiran,
perangai dan
cara hidup

5 M Factors

The 5-M Factors are a model called

1. Man
2. Machine
3. Medium
4. Mission
5. Management,

and are used to examine the nature of accidents in the transport industries. It was started by T.P. Wright's Man-Machine-Environment triad at Cornell University. The 5-M incorporates a diagram of 3 intertwined circles and one all-encompassing circle. In each of the smaller circles "Man," "machine," and "medium" are placed. The large circle is labeled "Management." The space in the middle where they all meet is called "Mission," which is the objective the other four M's have in common.

Centralization & Decentralization

Centralization, decentralization, and formalization

• Centralization - The location of decision making authority near top organizational levels.
• Decentralization - The location of decision making authority near lower organizational levels.
• Formalization - The written documentation used to direct and control employees.

Centralisation, or centralization (see spelling differences), is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group.

In political science, this refers to the concentration of a government's power - both geographically and politically, into a centralised government.

In neuroscience, centralization refers to the evolutionary trend of the nervous system to be partitioned into a central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

In business studies centralisation and decentralisation is about where decisions are taken in the chain of command.

Decentralization or Decentralisation (see spelling differences) is the process of dispersing decision-making governance closer to the people and/or citizen. It includes the dispersal of administration or governance in sectors or areas like engineering, management science, political science, political economy, sociology and economics. Decentralization is also possible in the dispersal of population and employment. Law, science and technological advancements lead to highly decentralized human endeavours.

"While frequently left undefined (Pollitt, 2005), decentralization has also been assigned many different meanings (Reichard & Borgonovi, 2007), varying across countries (Steffensen & Trollegaard, 2000; Pollitt, 2005), languages (Ouedraogo, 2003), general contexts (Conyers, 1984), fields of research, and specific scholars and studies." (Dubois and Fattore 2009)

A central theme in decentralization is the difference between a hierarchy, based on:

• authority: two players in an unequal-power relationship; and
• an interface: a lateral relationship between two players of roughly equal power.

The more decentralized a system is, the more it relies on lateral relationships, and the less it can rely on command or force. In most branches of engineering and economics, decentralization is narrowly defined as the study of markets and interfaces between parts of a system. This is most highly developed as general systems theory and neoclassical political economy.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation.^[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans.

Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."^[3] Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.^[4]

Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.^[5]

Contents [hide] 1 Hierarchy 1.1 1. Self-actualization 1.2 2. Esteem 1.3 3. Love and belonging 1.4 4. Safety needs 1.5 5. Physiological needs 2 Criticisms 3 Business 3.1 Marketing 3.2 International Business 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Hierarchy

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and lowest levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top.^[1][6]

The lower four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem , friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the lowest (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense.

1. Self-actualization

“What a man can be, he must be.”^[7] This forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need pertains to what a person's full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.^[8] This is a broad definition of the need for self-actualization, but when applied to individuals the need is specific. For example one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in another it may be expressed in painting, pictures, or inventions.^[9] As mentioned before, in order to reach a clear understanding of this level of need one must first not only achieve the previous needs, physiological, safety, love, and esteem, but master these needs. Below are Maslow’s descriptions of a self-actualized person’s different needs and personality traits.

Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is separate from basic needs he warns that these “two hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated” (Maslow 97). This means that this level of need, as well as the next and highest level, are not strict, separate levels but closely related to others, and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks.

2. Esteem

All humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Also known as the belonging need, esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex. People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. Note, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.

Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-respect, the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness. IN SHORT :- People need both self esteem, a high evaluation of self and the esteem of others in our society. Fulfillment of these needs provides a feeling of self-confidence and a usefulness and their non-fulfillment/ produces feelings like inferirority, unhelpfulness.

3. Love and belonging

After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are social and involve feelings of belongingness. This aspect of Maslow's hierarchy involves emotionally based relationships in general, such as:

• Friendship
• Intimacy
• Family

Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic, for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.^{[citation needed]}

4. Safety needs

With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. These needs have to do with people's yearning for a predictable orderly world in which perceived unfairness and inconsistency are under control, the familiar frequent and the unfamiliar rare. In the world of work, these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations, and the like.

Safety and Security needs include:

• Personal security
• Financial security
• Health and well-being
• Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts

5. Physiological needs

For the most part, physiological needs are obvious — they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function.

Physiological needs include:^[1]

• Breathing
• Nutrition
• Homeostasis

Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. The intensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species.

Criticisms

In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridgewell found little evidence for the ranking of needs Maslow described, or even for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.^[10] Chilean economist and philosopher Manfred Max-Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature—part of the condition of being human; poverty, he argues, may result from any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or unfulfilled.^{[citation needed]}

The order in which the hierarchy is arranged (with self-actualization as the highest order need) has been criticised as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.^[11] Hofstede's criticism of Maslow's pyramid as ethnocentric may stem from the fact that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs neglects to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. Maslow created his hierarchy of needs from an individualistic perspective, being that he was from the United States, a highly individualistic nation. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the self, with self actualization being the apex of self improvement. Since the hierarchy was written from the perspective of an individualist, the order of needs in the hierarchy with self actualization at the top is not representative of the needs of those in collectivist cultures. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.

Maslow’s hierarchy has also been criticized as being individualistic because of the position and value of sex on the pyramid. Maslow’s pyramid puts sex on the bottom rung of physiological needs, along with breathing and food. It views sex from an individualistic and not collectivist perspective: i.e., as an individualistic physiological need that must be satisfied before one moves on to higher pursuits. This view of sex neglects the emotional, familial and evolutionary implications of sex within the community.

Deman Denggi

Demam Denggi merupakan sejenis penyakit yang disebabkan oleh jangkitan virus Denggi (genus Flavivirus) yang disebar oleh nyamuk Aedes betina. Cara penyebarannya ialah melalui gigitan nyamuk aedes orang yang berpenyakit virus denggi kepada orang yang sihat. Terdapat dua jenis denggi yang paling berat iaitu Demam Hemoragik Denggi (DHF) dan Sindrom Kejutan Denggi (DSS).

Virus Denggi akan terpendam di dalam badan pesakit selama 3 - 14 hari (purata 4 hingga 6 hari) sebelum menunjukkan tanda-tanda. Pesakit mungkin akan mengalami demam mengejut diikuti dengan berbagai-bagai tanda dan gejala tidak khusus.

Denggi dan denggi berdarah merupakan penyakit febril akut (acute febrile), dijumpai di kawasan tropika, dengan taburan geografi serupa dengan malaria. Disebabkan oleh satu daripada empat virus serotype yang berkait rapat dari genus Flavivirus, famili Flaviviridae, setiap serotype cukup berbeza menjadikan tiadanya perlindungan bertindan (cross-protection) dan wabak denggi yang disebabkan oleh pelbagai serotype (hyperendemicity) boleh berlaku. Denggi disebarkan kepada manusia oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti (hanya kadang-kala oleh Aedes albopictus).

Tanda dan gejala

Demam denggi bermula dengan demam mengejut, dengan sakit kepala teruk, sakit di belakang bebola mata, sakit sendi dan otot (myalgias dan arthralgias, sakit pinggang yang teruk menyebabkan ia juga digelar demam tulang-pecah - break-bone fever) dan gatal-gatal. Ciri-ciri keradangan demam denggi adalah bintik-bintik merah terang, dan biasanya muncul di anggota bahagian bawah - pada sesetengah pesakit, ia merebak hampir kepada keseluruhan tubuh. Tanda pada kulit yang klasik ialah seluruh kulit tubuh bertukar kemerahan diselangi dengan tompok-tompok kulit warna yang normal (island of white in a sea of red). Kemungkinannya terdapat gastritis dengan gabungan sakit perut, mual, muntah atau cirit-cirit. Pesakit juga boleh mendapat radang hati, radang otak (lebih pada kanak-kanak) dan juga dalam kes luarbiasa radang otot jantung (cardiomyopathy).

Demam denggi klassik berlarutan selama enam hingga tujuh hari dengan demam kembali memuncak pada akhir demam (dikenali sebagai pola biphasic). Secara klinikal bilangan sel darah pembeku (platelet) akan turun sehingga hilang demam diikuti dengan kehilangan bendalir plasma darah dari salur darah ke dalam tisu perantara atau ruang ke tiga (third space loss di antara selaput paru-paru, ruang peritoneum dan sebagainya), kerana kapilari darah menjadi rapuh (capillary fragillity). Pada peringkat ini pesakit terdedah kepada renjatan dan risiko perdarahan.

Kes DHF juga menunjukkan demam tinggi, fenomena pendarahan, trombositopenia (thrombocytopenia) dan haemoconcentration. Sebahagian kecil kes membawa kepada sindrom kejutan denggi (dengue shock syndrome) atau DDS yang mempunyai kadar kematian yang tinggi.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis denggi kebiasaannya dibuat secara klinikal. Gambaran klasik adalah demam tanpa sumber jangkitan tempatan, bintik-bintik gatal dengan thrombocytopenia dan kemungkinan leukopenia.

Kajian serologi dan PCR (polymerase chain reaction) digunakan bagi mengesahkan diagnosa denggi sekiranya diperlukan secara klinikal.

Rawatan

Rawatan utama adalah terapi sokongan. Pesakit digalakkan untuk mengekalkan makan, terutamanya minum air. Sekiranya pesakit tidak mahu / mampu minum, tambahan melalui cecair intravena mungkin diperlukan untuk menghalang kekeringan dan hemoconcentration teruk. Pemindahan darah mungkin diperlukan sekiranya bilangan platelet turun dengan banyaknya.Cara yang lain untuk mencegah penyakit ini juga pesakit perlu bersenam pada waktu pagi atau berjoging dan beriadah.Minum air paling penting dalam hidupan harian kita.Minum air mineral sekurang-kurangnye 8 gelas sehari atau selebih-lebihnya pun hanya maksimum 16 gelas sehari.

Epidemiologi

Wabak pertama berlaku hampir serentak, di Asia, Afrika, dan Amerika Utara pada tahun 1780-an, penyakit tersebut dikenal pasti dan diberi nama pada 1779. Pada awalnya ia tidak merbahaya. Wabak sejagat meletus di di Asia Tenggara sekitar 1950-an, dan pada 1975 DHF telah menjadi sebab utama kematian dikalangan kanak-kanak dikebanyakan negara dikawasan tersebut. Wabak denggi menjadi kebiasaan semenjak 1980-an, pada akhir 1990s denggi merupakan penyakit virus bawaan nyamuk paling utama menjangkiti manusia selepas malaria, terdapat 40 juta kes demam denggi dan beberapa ratus ribu demam denggi berdarah setiap tahun. Pada Februari 2002 terdapat wabak teruk di Rio De Janeiro, membabitkan satu juta penduduk tetapi hanya mengakibatkan enam belas kematian.

Wabak teruk demam denggi biasanya berlaku setiap lima atau enam tahun. Terdapat kecenderungan bahawa sebahagian besar penduduk mudah dijangkiti walaupun berlaku wabak sebelumnya kerana terdapat empat jenis virus denggi dan mereka yang baru memasuki penduduk sasaran, samaada melalui kelahiran atau immigrasi.

Penyakit Demam Denggi mula dilaporkan di Malaysia pada tahun 1902 lagi. Pada tahun 1962, wabak pertama demam denggi berdarah berlaku di Georgetown, Pulau Pinang dan Kuala Lumpur pada tahun 1973. Semenjak itu, penyakit demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah telah dikesan berlaku di seluruh negara. Semenjak penyakit demam denggi mula dikesan, ia telah menunjukkan peningkatan yang seiring dengan pertambahan kawasan bandar, pembangunan dan peningkatan kepadatan penduduk. Pada tahun 1991, sebanyak 6628 kes demam denggi dilaporkan di seluruh Malaysia. Pada tahun 1998, sebanyak 27,373 kes demam denggi dilaporkan iaitu peningkatan sebanyak 4 kali ganda dari tahun 1991.

Di Singapura, terdapat 4-5000 kes dilaporkan berkaitan dengan demam denggi atau demam denggi berdarah setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2003, terdapat 6 kematian disebabkan sindrom kejutan denggi. Ia dipercayai bahawa kes demam denggi yang dilapurkan adalah rendah kerana ia tidak mengendahkan kes subklinikal dan kes di mana pesakit tidak hadir untuk rawatan perubatan. Kadar kematian disebabkan denggi oleh itu dianggarkan kurang daripada 1 dari 1000 kes.

Pencegahan

Pada masa kini tidak terdapat vaksin siap untuk demam denggi flavivirus.

Cara mencegah denggi yang utama adalah menghapuskan atau mengurangkan vektor nyamuk pembawa denggi. Langkah menghapuskan takungan air (seperti dalam bekas bunga) terbukti berkesan bagi mengawal penyakit bawaan nyamuk.

Pengunaan ubat jentik-jentik juga berkesan untuk menghapuskan jentik-jentik, manakala penggunaan kelambu dan juga semburan (fogging) juga boleh membantu.

Mengenal pasti demam denggi

Demam denggi adalah sejenis penyakit berjangkit berbahaya yang disebabkan oleh virus denggi dan dibawa oleh nyamuk aedes.

Pada masa ini, tiada ubat khusus untuk merawat penyakit itu kecuali aktiviti pencegahan adalah amat penting.

Antara tanda-tanda demam denggi ialah:

1. Demam kuat yang mengejut dan berterusan
2. Bintik merah pada kulit
3. Sakit teruk pada tulang-tulang, otot-otot, sendi-sendi, biji mata dan kepala
4. Berdarah pada badan, hidung dan mulut
5. Hilang selera makan
6. Muntah-muntah
7. Sakit perut
8. rasa pahit pada lidah
9. lemah dan tidak bermaya

[sunting] Bagaimana demam denggi berjangkit

1. Nyamuk aedes membawa kuman deman denggi
2. Seorang yang sihat digigit oleh nyamuk aedes
3. Pesakit demam denggi mengandungi kuman denggi di dalam badannya.
4. Nyamuk aedes menggigit pesakit denggi